Ukusebenza kwepayipi lepulasitiki le-PVC, i-UPVC, i-CPVC, i-PP, i-PE, i-PB, i-PVDF kanye nomehluko # umugqa wokukhipha ipayipi # umshini wokukhipha

PVC
PVC(I-PolyVinylChloride) ivame ukutholakala ngezigaba eziyisikhombisa (SG1-SG7) ngokuya ngobulukhuni bayo kanye nezakhiwo zayo, ngobuningi obungu-1.4 g/cm³. Ngaphansi kwe-SG4, ngokuvamile ingumkhiqizo othambile, odinga inani elikhulu le-plasticizer lapho ikhiwa, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni isikhumba sokwenziwa, ucingo kanye nokufakwa kwekhebula, izivalo, njll. Ngaphezulu kwe-SG5, ingumkhiqizo oqinile, osetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni amapayipi ahlukahlukene, njengepayipi lokukhipha amanzi, ugesi, amapayipi eposi kanye nezokuxhumana, amapuleti ahlukahlukene, amashidi namaphrofayili, njll. Izinga lokuncipha kwe-PVC ekwakhekeni lingu-0.6-1.5%, futhi inezakhiwo ezinhle zemishini. I-PVC inezinga lokuncipha elingu-0.6-1.5%, izakhiwo ezinhle zemishini, izakhiwo zikagesi ezinhle kakhulu, ukuzicisha, ukumelana okunamandla kwe-asidi kanye ne-alkali, ukuzinza okuhle kwamakhemikhali kanye namanani aphansi. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko yayo ivinjelwa izinga lokushisa layo eliphansi lokusetshenziswa, elingaba ngu-80°C ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.

I-CPVC
I-resin ikhiqizwa ngokuguqulwa kwe-chlorination kwe-resin ye-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) futhi iwuhlobo olusha lwepulasitiki yobunjiniyela. Lo mkhiqizo uyi-granule noma i-powder evulekile emhlophe noma ephuzi ekhanyayo, engenaphunga, engenabuthi. Ngemva kwe-chlorination ye-resin ye-PVC, ukungalingani kwezibopho zama-molecule kuyanda futhi i-polarity iyanda, okwandisa ukuncibilika kwe-resin kanye nokuqina kwamakhemikhali, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokushisa kwezinto kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwama-acid, ama-alkali, usawoti kanye nama-oxidants. Izakhiwo zomshini zokushisa kokuguquguquka kokushisa kwamanani ziyathuthuka, okuqukethwe kwe-chlorine kuyanda kusuka ku-56.7% kuya ku-63-69%, izinga lokushisa lokuthambisa le-Vicat liyanda kusuka ku-72-82 °C, (kuya ku-90-125 °C), izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa lingafinyelela ku-110 °C kanti izinga lokushisa lokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside lingu-95 °C. Phakathi kwazo, izinkomba zokusebenza ze-CORZAN CPVC zinhle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-CPVC uhlobo olusha lwepulasitiki yobunjiniyela olunezindlela eziningi zokusetshenziswa.

I-UPVC
Ipayipi le-UPVC lenziwe nge-resin ye-PVC, enezici ezinhle kakhulu njengokuzwa okushisa okunembile, ukuncibilika njalo kanye nokumuncwa okusheshayo kwezithako ezisebenzayo zezithako lapho amandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaketanga ama-molecule e-resin ebuthakathaka, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kusetshenziswa isiqinisi sokushisa esidumile emhlabeni wonke se-calcium ne-zinc, esingabamba, sivimbele futhi simunce ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-hydrogen chloride ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisa okuphezulu nokuncibilika kwe-resin, futhi senze ukusabela kokwengeza ama-bond amabili nesakhiwo se-polyene ukuze kuthathelwe indawo ama-athomu e-chlorine asebenzayo nangazinzile ku-molecule. Ukusabela kokwengeza ama-bond amabili nesakhiwo se-polyene kususa ama-athomu e-chlorine asebenzayo nangazinzile ku-molecule. Lokhu kulawula ngempumelelo nangokwesayensi ukuwohloka kwe-catalytic kanye nokubola kwe-oxidative kwe-resin esimweni esincibilikisiwe.

PP
PPIpayipi liyinto ewuketshezi oluyi-semi-crystalline. Liqinile futhi linephuzu lokuncibilika eliphakeme kune-PE. Njengoba i-homopolymer PP ithambile kakhulu ngaphezu kuka-0°C, izinto eziningi ze-PP zezentengiselwano ziyi-copolymers ezingajwayelekile ezine-ethylene engu-1-4% noma amazinga aphezulu okuqukethwe kwe-ethylene kuma-copolymers e-pincushion. Amandla e-PP ayanda ngokuqukethwe kwe-ethylene okwandayo futhi linokushisa okuthambile kwe-Vicat okungu-150°C. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuphezulu bekristali, le nto inokuqina okuhle kobuso kanye nokumelana nokuklwebheka, futhi i-PP ayihlushwa ukuqhekeka kokucindezeleka kwemvelo. I-PP ivame ukuguqulwa ngokungeza imicu yengilazi, izithasiselo zensimbi noma irabha ye-thermoplastic. izinga lokugeleza le-MFR le-PP lisukela ku-1 kuya ku-40. Izinto ze-PP ze-MFR eziphansi zinokumelana okungcono komthelela kodwa ziphansi kakhulu. Ku-MFR efanayo, uhlobo lwe-copolymer lunamandla aphezulu kunohlobo lwe-homopolymer. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwekristali, ukuncipha kwe-PP kuphakeme impela, ngokuvamile kusuka ku-1.8 kuya ku-2.5%. Futhi ukufana kokuqondana kokuncipha kungcono kakhulu kunezinto ezifana ne-PE-HD. Ukwengezwa kwesithasiselo sengilazi esingu-30% kunganciphisa ukuncibilika kube ngu-0.7%. Zombili izinhlobo ze-homopolymer kanye ne-copolymer zezinto ze-PP zinokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokumuncwa komswakama, ukugqwala kwe-asidi kanye ne-alkali, kanye nokuncibilika. Kodwa-ke, ayimelani nezinyibilikisi ze-hydrocarbon (isb. benzene), izinyibilikisi ze-hydrocarbon (carbon tetrachloride) ezine-chlorinated, njll. Futhi i-PP ayihlali imelana ne-oxidation emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, njengoba kwenza i-PE.
I-PP iyi-polymer ekristalu enesilinganiso esikhulu sokuncibilika (1.0-1.5%) ngenxa yezinguquko ezinkulu zevolumu kanye nokuma okuphezulu kwama-molecule lapho ukuncibilika kuncishisiwe. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi senqubo yokubumba, ingcindezi yomjovo kanye nesilinganiso sokusika kufanele kwandiswe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yokubumba yomkhiqizo.

PE
I-Polyethylene iyinhlanganisela ye-polymeric organic elula kakhulu ngokwesakhiwo futhi iyinto ye-polymer esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni namuhla. I-polymerized kusuka ku-ethylene futhi ihlukaniswe yi-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphezulu, i-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphakathi kanye ne-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphansi ngokwesisindo sayo. I-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphansi ithambile, i-polymerisation enomfutho ophezulu; i-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphezulu inezici zokuqina, ubulukhuni kanye namandla omshini, i-polymerisation enomfutho ophansi. I-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphezulu ingasetshenziswa ezitsheni, amapayipi, kanye nezinto zokushisa zikagesi ezivame kakhulu, ezisetshenziselwa i-radar kanye nethelevishini. I-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphansi (umfutho ophezulu) ivame ukusetshenziswa ngobuningi obukhulu. I-Polyethylene inomswakama futhi inobushelelezi obufana ne-wax. Uma ingadaywanga, i-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphansi iyabonakala, kanti i-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphezulu ayibonakali, kanti i-polyethylene iyiketanga le-polymeric elinobuningi obuphindaphindwayo elenziwe ngamayunithi e-CH2 aphindaphindwayo axhunywe ngokungezwa kanye ne-polymerisation ye-ethylene (CH2=CH2). Izakhiwo ze-polyethylene zincike endleleni e-polymerisation ngayo; i-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphezulu (i-HDPE) ikhiqizwa yi-Ziegler-Natta polymerisation ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezela okumaphakathi (15-30 atm) zamakhemikhali e-organic. Ama-molecule e-polyethylene ahlanganiswe ngaphansi kwalezi zimo aqondile futhi anezintambo ezinde zama-molecule ezinesisindo sama-molecule esiyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amaningana. Endabeni ye-free radical polymerisation ngaphansi kokucindezela okuphezulu (100-300 MPa), izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (190-210 C) kanye ne-peroxide catalysis, umphumela uba yi-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphansi (LDPE), ehlungwe.
I-Polyethylene ayincibiliki emanzini futhi ayinamanzi amaningi, ngisho nasezincibilikisini zamakhemikhali ezifana ne-toluene ne-acetic acid, ezincibilika kancane kuphela emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-70°C. Kodwa-ke, i-polyethylene esesimweni sezinhlayiya ingancibilika noma iqine emazingeni okushisa asukela ku-15°C kuya ku-40°C. Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, iyancibilika futhi imunce ukushisa; lapho izinga lokushisa lehla, iyaqina futhi ikhiphe ukushisa. Futhi iyimpahla yokwakha enhle kakhulu ngoba imunca amanzi amancane kakhulu, ayimanzi kalula futhi inezakhiwo zokuvimbela ukushisa.

PB
I-Polybutylene yathuthukiswa futhi yasetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 futhi izici zayo zezinto ezibonakalayo zibeka izidingo eziphezulu zobuchwepheshe kanye nemishini yokukhiqizwa kwamaphrofayili, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ezimpahleni eziqinile.

I-PVDF
Ukubukeka kukhanye noma kuyimpuphu emhlophe noma izinhlayiya, uchungechunge lwama-molecule luhlelwe eduze, kodwa futhi lunesibopho esinamandla se-hydrogen, inkomba ye-oxygen engu-46%, alushisi, i-crystallinity engu-65% ~ 78%, ukuminyana okungu-1.17 ~ 1.79g/cm3, iphuzu lokuncibilika elingu-172 ℃, izinga lokushisa lokuphambuka kokushisa elingu-112 ~ 145 ℃, izinga lokushisa lokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside elingu--40 ~ 150 ℃.
I-PVDF resin ibhekisela kakhulu ku-vinylidene fluoride homopolymer noma i-vinylidene fluoride kanye nenani elincane lezinye i-fluoride vinyl monomer copolymer, i-PVDF resin kokubili i-fluorine resin kanye nezici ze-resin ezijwayelekile, ngaphezu kokumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ukumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation, ukumelana nesimo sezulu, ukumelana nemisebe, kodwa futhi ine-piezoelectricity, i-dielectricity, i-thermoelectricity kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezikhethekile, okwamanje ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki equkethe i-fluorine kufakwe ohlwini. Izicelo ze-PVDF zigxile kakhulu emasimini okumboza nge-petrochemical, kagesi kanye ne-elekthronikhi. Ukuqina kwayo okuhle kwamakhemikhali, izakhiwo zokushisa zikagesi, ukuze ukukhiqizwa kwemishini kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ze-TOCS kanye ne-flame retardant, kusetshenziswa kabanzi embonini ye-semiconductor ekugcinweni nasekuthuthweni kwamakhemikhali aphezulu-ubumsulwa, eminyakeni yamuva ukusetshenziswa kwe-PVDF resin kwenziwa ulwelwesi olunezimbobo, ijeli, i-diaphragm, njll., ezicelweni zebhethri lesibili le-lithium, ukusetshenziswa kwamanje kwe-PVDF sekungenye yezidingo ezikhula ngokushesha emakethe. I-PVDF iyizembozo ze-fluorocarbon ezibaluleke kakhulu. I-PVDF ingenye yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezibaluleke kakhulu, futhi izembozo ze-fluorocarbon ezilungiselelwe ngayo sezithuthukiswe kwaze kwaba yisizukulwane sesithupha. Ngenxa yokumelana okuhle kakhulu nesimo sezulu se-PVDF resin, ingasetshenziswa ngaphandle isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokunakekelwa, futhi lolu hlobo lwezembozo lusetshenziswa kabanzi eziteshini zikagesi, ezikhumulweni zezindiza, emigwaqweni emikhulu, ezakhiweni eziphakeme, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-PVDF resin ingaxutshwa nezinye izizembozo, njenge-PVDF kanye ne-ABS resin ezixutshwe ukuze zithole izinto ezihlanganisiwe, isetshenziswe kabanzi ekwakheni, ekuhlobiseni izimoto, egobolondweni lezinto zasekhaya, njll.
I-PVC uhlobo lwezinto zokuhlobisa zepulasitiki, i-PVC iyisifinyezo sezinto ze-polyvinyl chloride, iyinto eluhlaza eyinhloko ye-polyvinyl chloride resin, engeza inani elifanele le-ejenti yokulwa nokuguga, i-modifier, njll., ngokusebenzisa ukuxuba, ukuhlanganisa, i-vacuum blister nezinye izinqubo zokwenza izinto.

Izinto ze-PVC zilula, zivikela ukushisa, zigcina ukushisa, azinawo umswakama, azishisi ilangabi futhi kulula ukuzakha. Imininingwane, imibala namaphethini.
Ingenye yezinto zokuhlobisa ezisetshenziswa kakhulu phakathi kwezinto zepulasitiki.

Izinzuzo zezinamathiselo ze-PVC ikakhulukazi yilezi ezilandelayo:
1. ikhwalithi yokukhanya, ukuvikela ukushisa, ukulondolozwa kokushisa, ukumelana nomswakama, ukuvimbela ilangabi, ukumelana ne-asidi ne-alkali, ukumelana nokugqwala.
2. Ukuqina, i-dielectricity enhle, ukuqina, ukulwa nokuguga, kulula ukuyihlanganisa nokubopha.
3. Amandla okugoba aqinile kanye nokuqina komthelela, ubude obuphezulu uma buphukile.
4. Kulula ukuyicubungula nokuyibumba ngezinqubo zokuxova, ukuxuba, ukufaka amashidi, ukusika, ukukhipha noma ukusakaza ngomshini, futhi ingahlangabezana nezidingo zezincazelo ezahlukahlukene zephrofayili.
5. Ubuso obubushelelezi, umbala ogqamile, ukuhlobisa, izinhlelo zokuhlobisa ezibanzi.
6. Inqubo yokwakha ilula futhi ukufakwa kwayo kulula.

Ipayipi le-PE lenziwe ngezinto ze-polyethylene, ipayipi le-PE lifanele ukufakwa okufihliwe, izinto zokufaka ezivulekile kulula ukuzigugisa.

Ipayipi le-PP-R linezinzuzo zesisindo esilula, amandla amahle, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukungabi nesilinganiso, impilo ende yenkonzo, njll., ngaphezu kwezici ezilandelayo eziyinhloko:
(1) Izinto zokwakha ezingezona ezinobuthi, ezihlanzekile, eziluhlaza, izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-PP-R ziyi-polyolefin, ama-molecule ayo akhiwe yi-carbon, izakhi ze-hydrogen, azona ezinobuthi, ukusebenza kahle kwezempilo okuhle kakhulu;
(2) ukumelana nokushisa, ukulondolozwa kokushisa, imikhiqizo yokonga amandla, ipayipi le-PP-R lokushisa lokuthambisa i-Vicat elingu-131.3 ℃, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lokusetshenziswa elingu-95 ℃, izinga lokushisa lokusebenzisa lesikhathi eside (iminyaka engu-50) lifinyelela ku-70 ℃. Ukushisa komkhiqizo kungu-0.24W/m℃, okuyi-1/200 kuphela yokushisa komshini wepayipi lensimbi, ngakho-ke inomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokonga amandla wokushisa kwamapayipi amanzi ashisayo;
(3) Kulula ukuyifaka, ithembekile, isebenzisa uxhumano olufana nolwe-hot fusion, imizuzwana embalwa ukuqedela uxhumano oluhlangene, kanye nokuxhumeka kwepayipi lensimbi kanye nemishini yamanzi kusetshenziswa izinto zokufaka zensimbi ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kuphephile futhi kuthembekile.

Izindawo zokufaka isicelo samapayipi amanzi ashisayo nabandayo e-PP-R
Izinhlelo zamanzi ashisayo nabandayo ezakhiweni, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zokushisa eziphakathi;
Izinhlelo zokushisa ezakhiweni, okuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokushisa phansi, odongeni kanye nezinhlelo zokushisa ezikhazimulayo;
Izinhlelo zokuhlinzeka ngamanzi ahlanzekile angasetshenziswa ngqo ekuphuzeni;
Izinhlelo zokupholisa umoya eziphakathi nendawo (eziphakathi nendawo);
Izinhlelo zokunisela zezolimo, zengadi;
Amanethiwekhi amanzi emvula;
Amanethiwekhi echibi lokubhukuda;
Amanethiwekhi amapayipi okufakwa kwelanga;

I-PPR ivame ukusetshenziswa kumapayipi amancane, kanti i-PPR iyatholakala kokubili ekufakweni okuvulekile nokufihliwe.
Ipayipi le-PB liyizinto ze-polybutylene polymer, ezisetshenziswe kabanzi emazweni athuthukile njengeYurophu neMelika, futhi zithathe indawo yethusi njengento ekhethwayo yamapayipi amanzi ashisayo.

Izinto eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kwepayipi le-PEX yi-HDPE, kanye ne-initiator, i-agent yokuxhumanisa, i-catalyst nezinye izithasiselo, njengezidingo ezikhethekile nazo zingangeza ezinye iziguquli.
Amapayipi e-PEX akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuhamba phambili emhlabeni (indlela ye-MONSOIL), kusetshenziswa izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-polyethylene ezivamile ukwengeza izinto zokufakelwa kwe-silane, kwakha izibopho zamakhemikhali ezihlanganisiwe phakathi kwamaketanga e-polymer macromolecular ukuze kuthathelwe indawo amandla okuqala e-van der Waals, ngaleyo ndlela kwakha isakhiwo senethiwekhi esixhumene nezinhlangothi ezintathu se-polyethylene exhumene ne-cross-linked, izinga lokuxhumanisa lifinyelela ku-60% ~ 89%, ukuze libe nezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zomzimba nezamakhemikhali.

I-ABS iyi-terpolymer esekelwe ku-styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile, enokuqina okuphezulu kanye namandla amahle omshini, ukumelana nokushisa, ukumelana namafutha, njll.
Ukufakwa kwezintambo zikagesi ekhaya kusetshenziswa ipayipi le-PVC, futhi kufanele kube ipayipi le-PVC elijwayelekile lomlilo, kukhona nokufakwa kabusha kwendle kusetshenziswa ipayipi le-PVC, futhi i-PPR evame ukusetshenziswa isetshenziswa ekulungisweni kwemigqa yamanzi, i-PPR ifaneleka kakhulu emanzini.
Umehluko oyinhloko ukuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa zihlukile, i-ppr iyi-polypropylene ye-copolymer engahleliwe, i-pvc iyi-polyvinyl chloride. I-pvc ingasetshenziswa ekukhipheni amanzi, i-ppr isetshenziselwa amanzi ikakhulukazi (isetshenziswa njengoba izindleko zokukhipha amanzi ziphezulu kakhulu). Eqinisweni, i-pvc ayinabo ubuthi njengamapayipi okufaka amanzi ezokwelapha futhi amaphakheji amaningi epulasitiki ayi-pvc, asetshenziselwa ukwakha kuphela ama-modifiers engeziwe, futhi i-ppr ingaba shushu kakhulu i-pvc ayikwazi.
I-PPR ikhiqizwa ngezinto ze-polypropylene ze-copolymer, i-PVC ikhiqizwa ngezinto ze-polyvinyl chloride, izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphezulu zangaphambilini, izinga lempilo nalo lingcono kune-PVC, futhi lingahamba ngaphansi kuka-75 ℃ amanzi ashisayo, ukubi kulula ukuguquguquka. I-PVC ibangelwa izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi, isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuniseleni kwezolimo, ukubi kumanzi abandayo kuphela.

Ipayipi le-PE
Ukumelana kwezinga lokushisa
Izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokuqhekeka kwepayipi lokuphakelwa kwamanzi le-PE liphansi kakhulu, lingasetshenziswa ebangeni eliphakathi kuka--40 ℃ kuya ku-60 ℃, ukufakwa nokwakhiwa kwasebusika ngeke kwenzeke emfantwini wepayipi oqhekekile.
Ukumelene nokushisa
I-Polyethylene iyinto engasebenzi kahle, imelana nokuguguleka kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhemikhali, ayinazo izivikelo zokulwa nokugqwala, izinto zamakhemikhali enhlabathini ngeke zibangele noma yikuphi ukuwohloka kwepayipi, ngeke kwenzeke ukubola, ukugqwala kanye nokugqwala.
Ukuvumelana nezimo
Ukunwebeka kwepayipi lokuhambisa amanzi le-PE lapho liphuka kudlula u-800%, ukudlidliza kwendawo ngeke kubangele konke ukudlidliza kwepayipi, ukumelana okunamandla nokudlidliza. Uhlobo lokugoqa lwe-polyethylene luvumela amapayipi amanzi e-PE ukuba abhidwe, okunciphisa isidingo senani elikhulu lezinto zokuxhuma futhi okuvumela ukwakhiwa ukuthi kudlule izithiyo, kunciphisa ubunzima bokwakhiwa.
Ukucindezela kokucindezela
Ngenxa yokuqina okuphezulu kwe-HDPE, amandla nokuqina kuyakhula. Uma ihlanganiswe kahle, ingamelana nengcindezi yangaphakathi futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlinzekeni amanzi kanye namapayipi okucindezela ashisayo.
inhlanzeko
Njengoba ihlanzekile futhi ayinabo ubuthi, ipayipi alizalisi amabhaktheriya, ngeke libangele ukungcoliswa kwesibili kwekhwalithi yamanzi, lixazulula ngokuphelele amaphutha okungcoliswa kwamanzi epayipini.
Umthamo wokujikeleza kwegazi
Ipayipi lokuphakelwa kwamanzi le-PE, udonga lwangaphakathi olubushelelezi, i-coefficient encane yokungqubuzana, ukumelana okuncane koketshezi, ukulahlekelwa ikhanda okuncane, ukungakhuli kahle, ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa yingcindezi yepayipi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okudlulisa amanzi, izinzuzo zezomnotho zisobala.
Ukuphepha kwamapayipi
Amapayipi amanzi e-PE axhunywe ngokuhlanganiswa okushisayo nogesi, amandla esixhumi aphakeme kunamandla epayipi uqobo, angamelana ngempumelelo namandla ajikelezayo nawa-axial akhiqizwa yingcindezi yangaphakathi. Ukusebenza kokuvala kuhle kakhulu kangangokuthi asikho isidingo sokukhathazeka ngokuvuza ngenxa yokuphambuka kwesixhumi.