Ubuchwepheshe obushintshashintshayo bokuhambisana bukwenza kanjani ukuthi kusetshenziswe kabusha imfucuza yepulasitiki exubile?

Abahlinzeki bezithako kanye nezifundiswa banenani elikhulu lezixazululo ezingasetshenziswa noma ezingathuthuki kahle zokuhlanganisa ama-polymer angahambisani ndawonye ukuze kwakheke izinto ezisebenza kahle nezizinzile. Eziningi zakhiwe ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa amapulasitiki asetshenziswe kabusha, ngokuvamile kodwa hhayi kuphela izinto ezisetshenziswe kabusha ngemva komthengi (PCR). Eziningi, kodwa hhayi zonke, zisebenzisa amasu okuhlanganisa i-anhydride yama-maleic ukuze zihlanganise ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-polymer angewona ama-polar kanye nalawo angewona ama-polar, noma phakathi kwama-polymer angewona ama-polar kodwa angahambisani (isb. i-PE ne-PP).

I-Intermix Performance Materials ese-US iyinkampani entsha eyasungulwa ngonyaka odlule ukuze ithengise ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokwengeza obuhambisana ne-ethylene-propylene multi-block obunelayisensi evela eCornell University. Yasungulwa nguGeoff Coates, uSolwazi weKhemistri neBiology yeKhemikhali eTisch School eCornell, u-Andrew Arriz, uMhlaziyi Webhizinisi, kanye noTing-Wei Lin, uMphenyi Oyinhloko.

“I-HDPE kanye ne-isotactic polypropylene (iPP) yiwona amapulasitiki athengiswa kakhulu emhlabeni futhi anezakhiwo ezifanayo zokukhanya, okwenza inqubo yokuhlunga amapulasitiki amabili ngezinga elikhulu ibe yinselele,” kusho uLin. Naphezu kwezakhiwo zawo zamakhemikhali ezifanayo, i-HDPE kanye ne-iPP azihambisani futhi ngenxa yalokho zikhiqiza izinto ezibuthakathaka nezingenamsebenzi lapho zixutshwe ngokuncibilika. Lokhu kuphazamisa ukusebenza kahle kokusebenzisa kabusha kwala mapulasitiki. Kubikwe ukuthi ngaphansi kuka-7% kanye no-1% ngesisindo se-HDPE kanye ne-iPP ngokulandelana kuphinde kusetshenziswe kabusha.

Ngokubambisana nenkampani esunguliweumshini wokuvuselela ipulasitiki, I-Intermix ithole iqoqo lama-pellets enziwe ngezintambo ezindala namanethi okudoba, ikakhulukazi asetshenziswa kabusha olwandle. Lawa mapulasitiki asolwandle anesilinganiso sesisindo se-HDPE kuya ku-iPP esingaba ngu-1:1. Le nkampani ithi izingxube ziyaphuka futhi azikwazi ukwelula ngaphandle kokwelulwa kakhulu. Ngokufaka u-2% ngesisindo se-compatibilizer yenkampani, ukuqina kungandiswa kube ngaphezu kuka-800% kokwelulwa lapho kuphuka.

ULin uthi izingxube ze-HDPE/iPP ezihambisanayo “manje seziba izinto ezithembisayo ezingacutshungulwa kabusha zibe imikhiqizo kungakhathaliseki ukwakheka kanye nokungahlukaniswa kwengxube ye-HDPE/iPP ephinde yasetshenziswa. Lokhu kunganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokuphinda kusetshenziswe ipulasitiki futhi kwandise ukusebenza kahle kokuphinda kusetshenziswe.”

I-Intermix okwamanje inabasebenzi abahlanu abagxile ocwaningweni lomkhiqizo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi futhi isebenzisana nabakhiqizi abaningi bezinto zokwenziwa ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezihambisanayo kusukela kugremu kuya esikalini samakhilogramu. ULin uthi, “Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngezingxube ze-HDPE/iPP eziphinde zasetshenziswa ingase ikwazi ukwenzeka maduze.”

I-Nexam Chemical yaseSweden isungule umqondo owaziwa ngokuthi “ukuvuselela kabusha okuvuselelayo” ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwama-polymer axubile aphinde asetshenziswa okunzima ukuwasebenzisa kabusha. Isibonelo esisodwa yi-PP ephinde yasetshenziswa equkethe i-HDPE. “I-Nexamite R201 iphendula ne-polymer ukuze yakhe ingxube ye-PP/PE ukuze inikeze ukuhambisana kwe-PP ne-PE,” kusho uLars Öhrn, isikhulu esiphezulu sokumaketha senkampani. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-rPP okungu-85% kanye ne-15% ye-rHDPE, izivivinyo zokudonsa zibonise ukuhlukahluka okuncane.”

Esinye isibonelo sokusetshenziswa yi-PE equkethe i-PA. Lapho i-Nexamite R405 ingezwa engxubeni ye-93% HDPE kanye ne-7% PA6, ukuhlolwa kokudonsa kwabonisa izakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zemishini kanye nokubukeka kobuso. Ukucindezeleka kokukhiqiza nakho kwathuthukiswa futhi amandla okuqhekeka kuthiwa afana nalawo e-HDPE emsulwa.

U-Öhrn akazange adalule ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okusetshenzisiwe, kodwa uthe akusekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwe-anhydride yama-maleic. Uthi: “Isebenza kuma-polyolefins, kodwa ingaphinde ihlanganise futhi isabela ngama-polycondensates. Njengakuzo zonke izinto eziphumayo ezisebenzayo, udinga ingxube efanele kanye nokufakwa kwamandla ukuze uthole imiphumela emihle kakhulu.” I-Nexamite R201 kanye ne-R405 zombili zitholakala ngesimo se-masterbatch.

Isengezo sakamuva kuphothifoliyo yeNordic Grafting Company (NGC) yi-Acti-Tech Compatibilizer 16MA11F, esekelwe ku-grafted maleic anhydride (MA) Vistamaxx, i-semi-crystalline copolymer evela ku-ExxonMobil. Lesi sithako esisha sihambisana nemithethonqubo yokuxhumana kokudla ye-EU 10/2011 futhi sinikeza abasebenzisa kabusha kanye nabaprosesa i-compatibilizer elula ukuyengeza ukuze kuthuthukiswe inani lezingxube eziqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-polymers okupakisha, kufaka phakathi ama-polyolefins, i-EVOH, i-PA kanye ne-PET, ngokusho kwe-NGC, enikezwe ilayisensi yi-ExxonMobil yobuchwepheshe.

Imikhiqizo ye-Acti-Tech ingangezwa kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo yokuvuselela: ngesikhathi sokuvuselela ngaphakathi endlini noma ngaphambi komthengi yi-moulder, ngesikhathi sokuvuselela kabusha nge-filtration noma ngaphandle kwayo yi-recycler, noma ngesikhathi sokuvuselela kabusha yi-recycler noma i-modifier. Le nkampani ithi: “Imelela ikhambi elifanele lokuvuselela kabusha izitsha ze-polymer ezihlanganisiwe ezivela ekuvuseleleni kabusha ngemuva kwezimboni (PIR) noma ekuvuseleleni kabusha ngemuva komthengi (PCR) kanye nemfucuza yangaphakathi, okuvumela lawa mapulasitiki asetshenziswe kabusha ukuthi asetshenziswe emikhiqizweni emisha noma ekhona ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukusebenza kokusetshenziswa kokugcina.”

Ngokusho kwe-NGC, i-Acti-Tech 16MA11F ikhombisa ukusabalala okuthuthukisiwe kanye nosayizi wesigaba esihlakazekile we-PA kanye ne-PET substrates ezisekelweni ze-polyolefin (isilinganiso esijwayelekile se-PA/PE esingu-40/60). UQuentin Le Piouff, umphathi wokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi lenkampani, uthi: “Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwengezwa kwe-4% Acti-Tech Compatibilizer 16MA11F kumafilimu aphinde asetshenziswa (LDPE 60% / PA 30% / EVOH 10%) kuholele ekubuyiselweni okuphezulu kwempahla yefilimu kanye ne-optical uma kuqhathaniswa nezingxube ezingahambisani kanye nezindleko eziphansi.”

Izithasiselo ze-Acti-Tech okwamanje ziyahlolwa ezinhlobonhlobo zemfucuza yangaphambi komthengi, yangemva kwezimboni kanye neyangemva komthengi, okuhlanganisa ukupakishwa kwamafilimu okuvimbela anezingqimba eziningi kanye nemikhono yokuncipha, izitsha zamakhemikhali ezibunjiwe ngezimonyo kanye nezokuvikela izitshalo, ukupakishwa okuqinile, amapayipi namapayipi aqinisiwe/anezingqimba eziningi, amanethi okudoba, omata kanye namakhaphethi.

Ngokusho kukaLe Piouff, i-Acti-Tech 16MA11F ingasetshenziswa futhi njenge-ejenti yokuhlanganisa izinto ezisekelwe ku-bio (isitashi, i-cellulose), i-wood composite (WPC) kanye ne-natural fibre (NFC). Izinhlelo eziningana ezisebenzisa lesi sihlanganisi se-universal zizothengiswa ezinyangeni ezizayo,” kusho yena.

Ukwandisa ukufinyelela

Ama-Polyscope Polymers aseNetherlands, ibhizinisi lawo eliyinhloko lisekelwe ku-styrene-maleic anhydride, athi akhulise isabelo sawo semakethe kulo mkhakha kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Ukuthengwa kwawo yi-Vertellus ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka kulindeleke ukuthi kusekele izifiso zawo zokukhula esikhathini esizayo. “Ngalokhu kuthengwa, i-Polyscope yandisa ukuba khona kwayo emakethe yezithako ezikhethekile,” kusho uPatrick Muezers, i-CEO ye-Polyscope, “futhi sizokwazi ukusebenzisa izinsiza zomhlaba wonke ze-Vertellus, amakhono kanye nesikhundla esiqinile sobuholi bemakethe ukuze sikhonze kangcono amakhasimende ethu akhona namasha.”

Ukubambisana okungenzeka phakathi kwamaphothifoliyo e-Polyscope kanye ne-Vertellus kuyaphenywa njengamanje. u-muezers uthi: “Ukubambisana okusha kuzoqhubeka nokuvela, kodwa i-ethylene MA copolymer ZeMac enikezwa yi-Vertellus ibonakale ihambisana kakhulu nokunikezwa kwe-Polyscope kwamanje.”

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezithasiselo zethu kuzosisiza ukuphendula imibuzo yamakhasimende ethu mayelana nokwenza ngcono izingxube ze-Xibond,” kusho yena. Sesivele sibona isidingo esikhulayo sezixazululo ezihlala isikhathi eside. Isibonelo, sesiqalise amaphrojekthi amaningana okusekela ukucutshungulwa kwepulasitiki esuselwe ku-bio ezinhlanganisweni ze-PLA/PBAT nezithasiselo zethu. Kulo msebenzi, izinto zethu ezihambisana ne-Xibond zibalulekile ekufezeni ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni nasekuthuthukisweni, okuhlanganisa nokusuka ezikhwameni ze-PE zendabuko kuya ezikhwameni zokuthenga zezinto eziphilayo.”

“Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibona amathuba okunikeza izixazululo zokusebenzisa ama-polymer ahlukahlukene. Amanye amakhasimende ethu athola nokuthi ama-compatibilizer ethu asiza ukuhlanganisa ‘i-hodgepodge yepulasitiki’ ne-ABS ukuze kwenziwe ama-blends angenza ama-PET/ABS blends atholakale ezinhlotsheni ezifana nezindawo zikagesi,” kuchaza uMuezers.

"Okokugcina, sithole ulwazi mayelana nemodeli yesevisi ye-Xibox, esiyisebenzisela ukusiza amakhasimende ethu ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo, ukunciphisa amasonto, futhi kwezinye izimo izinyanga, kusukela enkambisweni yokuthuthukiswa. Sisebenzisa ama-extruder amancane e-bench top ukuze senze ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwezakhi zamakhasimende ethu."

Kuthiwa umqondo wokuhlola i-Xibox wamukelwe amakhasimende amaningana abhekene nenselele yokuvuselela izinto eziningi.
I-Tisan Engineering Plastics yemikhiqizo ye-Olebond yaseTurkey iyi-maleic anhydride grafted polymers ekhiqizwa yi-reactive extrusion. Le nkampani ithi, “Kuye ngezinga lokufakelwa kanye nohlobo lwe-polymer, i-Olebond isiza ekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo ngokusebenza njenge-compatibilizer, i-coupling agent, i-impact modifier kanye ne-binder.”

Ibanga le-Olebond 7401 lisekelwe ku-PP enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-maleic acid okungeziwe ukuze kusebenze njenge-ejenti yokuhlanganisa phakathi kwe-polymer kanye ne-filler. Le nkampani ithi ibanga le-7401 liphinde lisize ekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo zemishini zezingxube ze-PP kanye nama-polymer angahambisani njenge-PA.
Ibanga le-Olebond 7402 lisetshenziswa njenge-compatibilizer kanye ne-coupling agent ekusetshenzisweni okufana nezinto zekhebula ezingenayo i-halogen, amashubhu e-multilayer, ama-laminates kanye nezinhlanganisela ze-PE namanye ama-polymer. Njenge-compatibilizer, i-Olebond 7402 kuthiwa ithuthukisa ukunamathela kwe-PE kuma-polymer afana ne-PA namanye ama-polyolefin. kusho uTisan: “I-Olebond 7402 inikeza ukuhlakazeka okuhle phakathi kwama-mineral fillers, imicu kanye nama-polymer substrates futhi ithuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini zamapulasitiki aguquliwe. Isibonelo, uma isetshenziswa ezintweni eziguquliwe ezigcwaliswe nge-talc, i-Olebond 7402 iphinda kabili ukuhlakazeka kwe-talc.”

Amanye amazinga e-Olebond afaka imikhiqizo esekelwe ku-ABS kanye ne-EVA engasetshenziswa njengezihlanganisi emikhiqizweni ehlukene. I-7404 iyi-ABS ehlanganiswe ne-manhydride yama-maleic kanye ne-7405 iyi-maleic anhydride ehlanganiswe ne-ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
I-SK Functional Polymer (SKFP) eseKorea inikeza uhla oluphelele lwezinto ezihambisanayo kanye nezisheshisi zokuvuselela okuthiwa zivumela abasebenzisi ukuguqula izingcezu zepulasitiki ezixubile zibe izinto ezinenani eliphezulu (le nkampani yadalwa ngokuthengwa kwebhizinisi le-polyolefin elisebenzayo le-Arkema yi-SK Geo Centric ngo-2020).

ULolita Hauguel, umphathi wezokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi lenkampani eFrance, uthi: “I-SKFP igxile kakhulu emizamweni yayo yocwaningo ekwakheni ama-polyolefin asebenzayo enza ukuthi izingxube zepulasitiki eziphinde zasetshenziswa zivumelane ngomshini. Ama-terpolymer asebenzayo e-Lotader kanye nama-resin e-graft e-Orevac asetshenziswa kabanzi njengezihlanganisi zezingxube ezahlukahlukene. I-SKFP ayinazo nje kuphela izixazululo zezixazululo eziphinde zasetshenziswa zezingxube ezifana ne-rPET/rPE, i-rPET/rPP, i-rPA/rPE, i-rPA/rPP, i-rPA/rPET …… kanye nezingxube ze-PE/EVOH.”

I-Lotader 4210 maleic acid grade iyatholakala kwezentengiselwano ukuze ithuthukiswe i-PE ephinde yasetshenziswa kanye ne-EVOH multilayer scrap (izinto zokugcina zikhawulelwe ekusetshenzisweni okungekona ukudla). I-SKFP ithi esinye isibonelo esiphumelelayo sisebenzisa i-Lotader AX kuma-PET aphinde asetshenziswa angcoliswe ama-polyolefin angasuswanga ngokuphelele ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlunga.

I-SKFP ithi iphinde yabonisa ukuthi uhla lwayo olusha lwama-copolymer e-Lotryl T acrylate angafani kakhulu luyisisombululo esisebenza kahle kakhulu sokuqinisa ama-resin e-styrene asetshenziswe kabusha, enikeza izakhiwo zomthelela ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu. Le nkampani iphinde inikeze izixazululo zokuthuthukisa ukumelana nomthelela nokuguqula i-viscosity yezinto ze-rABS ngokuhlanganisa ama-copolymer e-Lotryl angasebenzi kakhulu e-polar ne-Lotader AX esebenzayo. UHauguel uthi: “Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-polarity kanye nokusabela kabusha kwala ma-resin kuyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukiswa ngempumelelo kwemfucuza yepulasitiki esetshenziswe kabusha.”

Kuthiwa ama-polyolefin ahlanganiswe ne-Orevac asetshenziswa kabanzi njengezinto zokuhlanganisa izinto ezigcwalisiwe ze-PP kanye ne-PE eziguquliwe. Uhla lomkhiqizo luhlanganisa i-PP ehlanganisiwe, i-HDPE/LLDPE ehlanganisiwe kanye ne-EVA ehlanganisiwe. Okuqukethwe kwe-reactive maleic anhydride kule mikhiqizo kuyahlukahluka, kodwa uma okuqukethwe kuphakeme, kulapho esebenza khona njengezinto zokuhlanganisa. Afanele ukusetshenziswa ne-ATH, MDH, ezinye izinto zokugcwalisa amaminerali kanye nengilazi kanye nemicu yemvelo.

Umongameli we-Petrochemicals uSalvatore Monte uthi ukuhambisana kwama-polymer ahlukene kungatholakala kusetshenziswa ama-polymer ahlanganisayo: njenge-PP ehlanganisiwe ye-anhydride, ama-copolymer e-bipolar (isib. i-SEBS), ama-free radical graft initiators (isib. i-diisopropyl benzene peroxide), kanye nama-organometallic coupling agents (isib. ama-titanates). Abakhiqizi abaningi be-modifier bazocabangela ama-agent ahlanganisayo e-heteroatomic titanate kuphela uma kunezinkinga ngama-fillers noma ukunamathela kuma-substrates ahlukahlukene,” usho kanje. Kodwa empeleni, angama-catalyst azinzile ngokushisa angaphinda ahlanganise ama-polymer ahlukene ku-extruder melt, njengoba nje ama-titanocene nama-catalyst e-ZN asetshenziselwa i-monomer polymerisation.

Uthe, “Inzuzo eyodwa ye-heteroatomic titanate catalyst ukuthi i-polymer ephumayo igeleza ngokushesha emazingeni okushisa aphansi, kanye nokwanda okuncane kwamandla okudonsa kanye nokwanda okukhulu kobude. Ukusebenzisa i-catalyst eyengeziwe ngesisindo esingu-0.2% ukunciphisa amazinga okushisa okucubungula kuyindlela entsha yokwandisa iwindi lokucubungula lama-polymer ahlukene, njenge-PC evame ukudinga amazinga okushisa aphezulu okucubungula (ngaphezu kuka-300°C), kanye ne-PVC evame ukuzwela ukushisa.”

UMonte ucaphuna ukuthi ngalesi silinganiso sokwengeza, isithasiselo siphinde kabili umphumela wokukhipha wephrofayili yendlu ye-chip yekhompyutha ye-uPVC ecacile ekushiseni okuncishisiwe okungu-47°C. Siphinde sithuthukise ukugeleza kokuncibilika ekushiseni okuncishisiwe okungu-100°C kokufakwa komjovo we-modifier ye-PC eqiniswe ngefayibha yengilazi engu-40% amakhasimende abelokhu eyisebenzisa iminyaka eminingi ukukhiqiza izisekelo zamatshe okugaya ngokufaka i-modifier emashidini ensimbi.

Iziguquli kanye nezihlanganisi zizodlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni kusuka kumnotho oqondile kuya kojikelezayo, kusho i-Dow, ethuthukisa imikhiqizo eyengeziwe ukusekela ukuphinda kusetshenziswe izinhlanganisela zezinto ezingahambisani. I-modifier yayo ye-polymer engu-3000 Retain, eyenzelwe ukuphinda kusetshenziswe amafilimu angemva kwezimboni aqukethe i-EVOH, kuthiwa inciphisa i-gelation, kuyilapho ibanga le-Fusabond lisetshenziswa njengokushintsha komthelela kanye nokuhambisana kuma-polyolefin asebenzisa kabusha ngemuva komthengi.