Izakhiwo Ezintsha Ze-Carbon Nanotube Ezinezinto Ezihlanganisiwe Ezishintsha Izakhiwo Zazo Ezimangalisayo

Izinto ezisekelwe ku-carbon ezifana nama-carbon nanotubes (CNTs), ama-fullerene kanye ne-graphene ziyathakazelisa ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo eziyingqayizivele zomzimba. Ucwaningo olusha luhlola amandla ezakhiwo ze-hybrid nano futhi lwethula isakhiwo esisha se-graphene CNT hybrid esinezimbobo eziphawulekayo ezishisayo nezomshini.

Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izakhiwo ezibalulekile ze-graphene CNT heterostructures ezintsha zingashintshwa kanjani ngokushintsha kancane ukuhlelwa kwejometri kwangaphakathi kwe-CNT ne-graphene kanye nezigcwalisi ezahlukahlukene.

Ikhono lokulawula ngokunembile ukuhanjiswa kokushisa kanye namandla omshini ezakhiweni ze-graphene CNT hybrid lenza kube yinto efanelekile yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizweni kwezindiza okuthuthukisiwe lapho isisindo namandla kubalulekile khona.

Izakhiwo ezincane zekhabhoni: amashubhu ekhabhoni, i-graphene, ama-fullerene

Izakhiwo ezincane zekhabhoni kanye nezingxube zezakhiwo eziningi ezincane zekhabhoni zisanda kuphenywa njengezingaba khona zezicelo eziningi zokuzwa, i-photovoltaic, i-antibacterial, i-energy storage, i-fuel cell kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo.

Izakhiwo ezincane kakhulu ezisekelwe ku-carbon ezifundwe kakhulu kubonakala sengathi yi-CNTs, i-graphene kanye ne-fullerenes. Ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obuncane kakhulu, lezi zakhiwo zibonisa izakhiwo ezihlukile zokushisa, zemishini, ze-elekthronikhi nezebhayoloji.

Izakhiwo ezilinganiswe kububanzi be-sub-nanometer zisebenza ngokwemithetho ekhethekile ye-quantum physics, ngakho-ke zingasetshenziswa ukusebenzisa izinto ezingezona ezinembile njenge-quantum tunneling, i-quantum superposition kanye ne-quantum entanglement.

Ama-carbon nanotubes angamapayipi enziwe nge-carbon futhi angama-nanometer ambalwa kuphela ububanzi. Ama-carbon nanotubes abonisa ukuhanjiswa kukagesi okuphawulekayo kanti amanye ayizinto ze-semiconductor.

Ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo esincane kanye namandla ezibopho ezihambisanayo ezakhiwe phakathi kwama-athomu ekhabhoni, ama-nanotubes ekhabhoni nawo anamandla aphezulu okudonseka kanye nokuqhuba ukushisa.

Ama-carbon nanotubes angaba yizinto eziwusizo kakhulu kuma-electronics, ama-optics kanye nama-composites, futhi angathatha indawo yemicu ye-carbon eminyakeni embalwa ezayo. I-nanotechnology kanye nesayensi yezinto nazo zisebenzisa ama-carbon nanotubes ocwaningweni lwazo.

I-Graphene iyi-isomer yekhabhoni ngesimo sesendlalelo esisodwa sama-athomu ekhabhoni ahlelwe ngesakhiwo se-lattice esinezinhlangothi ezimbili esakhiwe ama-hexagon. Ngo-2004 kwabonakala ukuhlukaniswa kokuqala kwe-graphene ochungechungeni lwezivivinyo zokuqala ezenziwa ososayensi u-Andrew Geim noKonstantin Novoselov eNyuvesi yaseManchester e-UK, eyabatholela uMklomelo KaNobel kuFiziksi ngo-2010.

Emashumini eminyaka kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-graphene isibe yinto ewusizo kakhulu enamandla amakhulu okubamba, ukucaca kanye nokuqhuba kukagesi ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo kuma-elekthronikhi, ekuzweleni kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe.

I-llerene ingenye i-isomer yekhabhoni eyaziwa isikhathi eside. I-molecule yayo iqukethe ama-athomu ekhabhoni axhunywe ngezibopho ezilodwa neziphindwe kabili ku-mesh engavalwa noma ivalwe kancane. I-mesh ihlanganiswa nendandatho yama-athomu amahlanu, ayisithupha noma ayisikhombisa.

Ama-molecule e-Fullerene angaba yizimbulunga ezingenalutho, ama-ellipsoidal, ama-tubular noma ezinye izimo nobukhulu obuningi. I-Graphene ingabhekwa njengelungu elidlulele lomndeni we-fullerene, yize ibhekwa njengelungu lesigaba sayo sezinto ezibonakalayo.

Izakhiwo ezincane ze-hybrid

Ngaphezu kocwaningo olunzulu olusetshenziswe ekuqondeni nasekuchazeni lezi zakhiwo ze-carbon nano ngazinye, ososayensi bahlola nezakhiwo zezakhiwo ze-hybrid nano ezihlanganisa izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezakhiwe ngendlela eyodwa.

Ngokwesibonelo,amagwebuzinezakhiwo ezilungisekayo ezenza zifanelekele ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo njengokuklama izakhiwo zesangweji, imiklamo ehambisanayo nezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuklama izakhiwo ezinamandla aphezulu nesisindo esincane.

Ama-nanofoam asekelwe ku-carbon nawo asetshenziswa kwezokwelapha ukuhlola umonakalo wamathambo kanye nesisekelo sokufaka esikhundleni sezicubu zamathambo.

Izakhiwo zezinyosi ezisekelwe ku-carbon zikhiqizwa ngokufakwa komhwamuko wamakhemikhali (i-CVD) kanye nokwelashwa ngesisombululo. Izindlela zokukhipha i-spark plasma (i-SPS) nazo zisetshenzisiwe ukusebenzisa i-graphene ezisetshenziswayo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezokwelapha.

Ngakho-ke ososayensi bebelokhu befuna izindlela zokwenza izakhiwo ze-carbon foam ezinezilinganiso ezintathu ziqine. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ukuxhumana okuzinzile kudingeka kwakhiwe phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo (ama-carbon nanotubes, ama-fullerene kanye ne-graphene) ukuze kwenziwe lokhu kuqine ngokwanele ukusetshenziswa okubanzi.

Ucwaningo olusha mayelana nezakhiwo ezincane ezihlanganisiwe

Ucwaningo olusha olwenziwe onjiniyela bemishini e-Istanbul Technical University eTurkey lwethula uhlobo olusha lwesakhiwo se-nano esihlanganisiwe esakhiwe yi-chemical bonding.

Izakhiwo ze-CNT ze-graphene ezinezimbobo zenziwa ngokuhlela i-graphene ezungeze ama-CNT kuma-nanoribbon. Ukuhlelwa okuhlukile kwejometri kwezingqimba ze-graphene nanoribbon ezizungeze ama-carbon nanotubes (amaphethini esikwele, ayisithupha kanye nedayimane) kuholela ekutheni kubonakale izakhiwo zomzimba ezahlukene kule nto, okuphakamisa ukuthi lokhu kuhlelwa kabusha kwejometri kungasetshenziswa ukulungisa izakhiwo ezintsha.

Abacwaningi bathole, isibonelo, ukuthi izakhiwo ezifakwe ngama-fullerenes zibonise ukuzinza okukhulu kokucindezela kanye namandla ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla okudonsa. Ukuhlelwa kwejometri kwezakhiwo ezincane ze-carbon nakho kube nomthelela omkhulu ezimpahleni zazo zokushisa.

Abacwaningi bathi lezi zakhiwo ezintsha ze-hybrid nanostructures zinikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile, ikakhulukazi embonini yezindiza. Izakhiwo ze-Nanostructures ezinalezi zakhiwo ze-hybrid zingasetshenziswa futhi ekugcineni i-hydrogen kanye ne-nanoelectronics.